多恩布什
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鲁迪格·多恩布什(Rudiger Dornbusch)目录 |
鲁迪格·多恩布什(Rudiger Dornbusch)美国麻省理工学院经济学与国际管理学福特教授。他在瑞士的大学就读本科,后获美国芝加哥大学哲学博士学位。曾在芝加哥大学、罗彻斯特大学任教。1975年以后一直执教于麻省理工学院。他的基础研究是国际经济学,主攻其中的宏观经济学部分。他特别关心对汇率行为、高通货膨胀、恶性通货膨胀的研究,同时还关注对资本高度流动性给予发展中经济带来的问题与机遇的研究。他遍访欧洲与拉丁美洲并举行多次演讲,积极关心那里实施稳定政策发生的问题,并曾接受巴西和阿根廷的短期任命。他的著作包括《开放经济宏观经济学》以及与斯坦利·费希尔和里查德·施马伦西合著的《经济学》。由于他关心公共政策,经常在美国国会制作证并参加国际会议。他常为报纸撰写讨论国内外现行政策问题的社论文章。
美国麻省理工学院著名经济学家鲁迪·多恩布什(Rudi Dornbusch)教授于1998年7月8日在北京大学中国经济研究中心作了关于亚洲金融危机的讲话,讨论了这次危机的教训以及危机发展的趋势。
危机的教训及对策
多恩布什首先说,这场危机令整个世界震惊。然而,危机过去后,仅仅责备那些导致危机的人是没有用的,重要的是要从危机中吸取教训,并作好危机过后金融市场的清理工作。他指出,亚洲金融市场的运行一直缺乏足够的监督、管理和保障,在未受到大的震荡时,市场繁荣,利润相当高,而一旦出现超过市场波动所能吸收的大震荡时,由于缺乏保障措施,经济极易崩溃。而且亚洲的储蓄量很大,亚洲人用大笔的储蓄进行大规模的投资。然而混乱的银行体制和无秩序的投资方式使亚洲投资的质量普遍很低。这种现象在中国、南朝鲜、日本都存在。多恩布什认为,这次亚洲危机是收支平衡方面的危机。自 80 年代以来,收支平衡成为危机产生和扩散的中心原因,它不仅能摧毁一国的金融体制和国民经济,即使在危机的余波中,它依然有强大的杀伤力。纵观亚洲、墨西哥的经历,近年的危机都有一个共同点:金融体制产生问题,收支平衡难以维持,大量企业和金融机构破产!
过去,人们总把货币贬值当作治理危机的良药,因为货币贬值使出口增加,从面促使经济复苏。然而,对于收支平衡方面的危机,货币贬值只能使收支平衡状况更加糟糕,引起更大的混乱。多恩布什教授评论道,此次亚洲危机是资本市场的危机,而不是如日本政府所强调的那种资本主义的危机。导致这场危机的薄弱环节主要由以下几个方面引起的:
第一、贷款期限结构的不对称:大公司和大金融机构从事的借贷60%-70%是短期的,而这些短期贷款往往用于长期投资。显然,用隔夜贷款去建造公路是极不明智的。当某一天,所有机构都催债时,企业没有偿贷能力。这种贷款期限结构不对称带来极大的风险,导致金融体制难以承受大的震荡,即体制脆弱;
第二、币种不匹配:亚洲各国借入美元或日元,投资者以当地货币偿还。于是,收支平衡表还要承担货币兑换风险。当有两国存在利差投机空间时,投机者们异常活跃,而此时,只要汇率稍有变动,金融秩序就混乱。所以一种主要货币的贬值将摧毁大批金融机构,这些金融机构的借款者也因此而破产;
第三、市场风险:人们用借入的贷款投资于资本市场,而资本市场的波动相当大。如:股票、商品、外汇或某些金融工具,其风险都是很高的。南朝鲜的金融机构持有大量俄国债券和巴西 Brady 债券,当这些债券贬值时,南朝鲜的收支平衡表上立即出现了大量亏空;
第四、国家信用风险:国家信用风险也是导致金融脆弱的一个根源。各个银行和公司处于共同的风险环境中,它们资产价值的不利变动和信用情况的恶化威胁到国家的信用等级。多恩布什教授把危机的原因归咎于日本、俄国、以及南美国家政府管理监督不善、缺少必要的法规,政策缺乏透明性。他提到泰国、南朝鲜的中央银行滥用国家储备的情况,指出,银行体制应该与政府分离。南朝鲜不开放其资本市场,外资不能购买股票、长期债券或进行长期投资,但政府向银行借了美元投资于俄国债券,待俄国债券贬值,银行便破产了。印尼也有类似的情况。所以,由政府对资本市场实施控制并非好的作法。
亚洲的情况说明,官僚腐败的作风使金融体制变得更加不堪一击,政治家们协助了金融体制的崩溃,亚洲的危机同时是无效率的政府的危机。官僚作风和政府腐败不仅使政局变得摇摇欲坠 , 它们所导致的政局不稳 , 使外国投资者对未来更加失去信心 , 于是投资减少 , 资本撤走 , 这无疑是对经济雪上加霜。仅仅是脆弱的金融体制不足以导致如此大的崩溃,一些外部因素,如:亚洲投资热潮后亚洲经贸环境的恶化,以及日元与美元汇率过于频繁的变动同样起了作用。这一切都在人们的不知不觉中促使了这场崩溃。对于此次危机,教授结合美、英两国在机构监督和制定风险、资产控制方面的经验提出了对策思路,他指出,避免危机的最有效途径是控制风险。为了在国际范围内实施这种风险控制,各国一方面要制定正确的思路,另一方面要以严密的条文和规则保证实施。各个当局都必须采取包含风险衡量的收支平衡方案。多恩布什同时也批驳了某些人提议用资本控制代替风险控制的作法 . 他以南朝鲜的例子说明这样只能纵容政府管理部门内部的欺骗和无效率行为 , 助长贪污腐败的风气。另外,对于日本提出的建立亚洲IMF(国际货币基金组织)的作法,多恩布什也持否定态度。日本和南朝鲜目前都处于国内混乱状态,一旦建立独立的IMF会导致群龙无首的局面。
危机的趋势
对于危机的趋势,多恩布什教授认为,这次危机的持续时间将比墨西哥以及 80 年代美国的危机都长。近期,印尼国内的恶性通胀是难免的,泰国、韩国等都面临高通胀的威胁。大家都认为,日本的复苏对整个亚洲经济的好转有很大的作用,一旦日本走出困境,整个亚洲也将面临一个更好的前景。然而,目前日本国内有很大的悲观情绪,政府的经济调节力量很薄弱,财政、货币措施在人们的不信任态度下难以奏效,日本以及整个亚洲的经济复苏将是一个缓慢的过程。
IMF项目
多恩布什教授接着介绍了IMF。以前,IMF在拉美极不受欢迎,然而,当IMF成功地帮助拉美经济复苏后,拉美国家越来越欢迎并协助IMF的工作。目前,IMF在亚洲同样遭到不理解,它奉行的高利率和紧财政政策面临不少反对意见,同时,它对南朝鲜等国家提出要求完全开放资本市场的条件也使人们不可接受。然而,IMF奉行紧的财政政策,在高利率下减少投机,稳定经济,使危机国家逐渐经济复苏,尽管高利率政策要付出相当大的代价,它确是经济复苏的一贴良药。接着,多恩布什教授强调了另一个更长远的治理危机的方案,即发挥IMF的力量。IMF对于一国的收支平衡进行监督,任何一个希望得到IMF帮助的国家必须在风险控制等金融业务方面符合IMF的规定。大力发挥IMF的作用主要有以下三点好处:
首先,它能使风险分析成为当局管理的一项重要内容;
其次,为了符合IMF的风险控制条件,各国控制其风险在一个适当的水平,于是全世界范围内的风险系数降低;
再次,金融市场上,包含风险因素的价值波动幅度超过了国际认可的标准时,金融状况就开始陷入困境,于是,加入IMF对一些金融混乱的国家尤为重要。
Rudiger Dornbusch[1]
Rudiger Dornbusch, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology whose explanation of why currency exchange rates sometimes fluctuate sharply became a tenet of international economics, died on Thursday at his home in Washington. He was 60 and also had a home in Boston.
The cause was cancer, M.I.T. said in a statement.
Dr. Dornbusch, who spent 27 years as an M.I.T. professor, found himself frequently in the headlines for his outspoken views on various crises in developing countries. He was almost alone in predicting the Mexican peso crisis of 1994, just weeks before the peso collapsed. And he urged the Argentines to keep their peso pegged one to one to the dollar, reiterating that view on the eve of the devaluation last December and Argentina's plunge into debt default and crisis.
Rudi believed strongly that Argentina needed a strong currency peg to maintain the confidence of the markets, said Stanley Fischer, a Citigroup executive and a former M.I.T. colleague who as the deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund in the 1990's often worked with Dr. Dornbusch.
Only in that way would the Argentines defeat inflation and draw the foreign investment needed for economic growth. Rudi would say that if the Argentines only had the discipline to maintain the peg, Mr. Fischer explained, then we would all be better off.
Dr. Dornbusch encouraged developing countries to embrace policies that maintained the confidence of capital markets. That often meant inflation-fighting austerity policies that required budget cutting and higher interest rates. He gave his advice on frequent trips abroad as a consultant, many to Latin America. Very often, the finance ministers and Central Bank presidents with whom he met had been his students at M.I.T.
On my first trip to Chile, recounted Paul Joskow, an M.I.T. economist, I went to the ministry of finance to meet with the minister and the deputy minister, and behind the deputy's desk were two photos -- one of Chile's president and the other of Rudi.
A seminal paper that Dr. Dornbusch published in 1976, a year after he joined the M.I.T. faculty, solved a puzzle. Floating currencies should adjust gradually to one another, economists thought. The volatility that was often a feature of foreign exchange trading seemed irrational. How else to explain why currencies overshot their value on the high and low side?
But Dr. Dornbusch argued that the overshooting was a rational response to economic shocks and news. Currencies can respond instantly in daily exchange trading, while a country's employment levels, inflation rate and economic growth adjust only slowly. But once these others do adjust, the pressure comes off the currency, which then returns to normal value. That insight into the dynamics of exchange rates became widely accepted.
Dr. Dornbusch was also the co-author, with Mr. Fischer, of Macroeconomics (McGraw-Hill, 1981), the first textbook for undergraduates in advanced economics courses to include chapters on the shifts in economic theory that had gained prominence over the previous decade or so.
He was born in Krefeld, Germany, on June 8, 1942, and studied economics at the University of Geneva, getting his undergraduate degree in 1966. Heeding the advice of a mentor that he should move to the United States to advance his career, he enrolled at the University of Chicago, where he earned his Ph.D. in economics in 1971.
After teaching stints at Chicago and the University of Rochester, he went to M.I.T., recruited by the university to fill a slot as an international economist. Despite his illness, he had taught in the spring semester and had traveled to Geneva in early June to receive an award and take part in a panel discussion.
Dr. Dornbusch is survived by his wife, Sandra Masur, and a brother, Paul Josef Dornbusch of Krefeld.
有时候读这些经济近代史还是很有意思的