威廉·杰克·鲍莫尔

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威廉·杰克·鲍莫尔 (William Jack Baumol)

　　威廉·杰克·鲍莫尔(William Jack Baumol，1922年2月26日－)，美国经济学家，普林斯顿大学荣誉退休高级研究员和经济学教授，纽约大学经济学教授。鲍莫尔是30多本书的作者、合著者和编辑，这些书被翻译成10多种文字。鲍莫尔还为美国一些最知名的企业做过咨询。他的个人著作包括《微观经济学》、《超公平主义》、《企业家精神》、《管理学》以及《支付结构》；在他和别人合编的著作中，包括《生产力和美国的领先地位》。

　　威廉·鲍莫尔的理论颇具原创性，在经济学领域很有影响力。在超过半个世纪的时间里，他一直保持着旺盛的创作精力和广泛的兴趣。他长期在普林斯顿大学任教，在企业行为理论、产业结构理论、通货膨胀理论、艺术品市场、环境政策以及竞争政策领域，都有杰出的贡献。

　　在80岁高龄的时候，鲍莫尔出版了《资本主义的增长奇迹——自由市场创新机器》一书，将其持续了三四十年的创新研究进行了系统总结。这本书分为三个部分：第一部分论证寡头垄断的自由市场，创新将不可避免。经济增长将自动得到保证，显然这是约瑟夫·熊彼特(Joseph Alois Schumpeter)当年提出来的命题；第二部分对微观经济学理论的一些工具进行了改造，来适应处理创新问题的需要；第三部分用长期宏观经济学方式研究历史上的增长。中心思想很清楚：增长的发动机最终依赖于制度规则，自由市场的资本主义或许不是最优的技术进步体制，但和其他的经济制度比，却是最不坏的制度。

　　鲍莫尔较广为人知的研究有可竞争市场、交易性货币需求的鲍莫尔-托宾模型、鲍莫尔成本病、庇古税等。

　　2006年，美国经济学会的年度会议中，特别地以鲍莫尔的名字为名召开，会中更介绍了鲍莫尔教授12篇有关企业家精神的论文，推崇尊敬他多年来在这方面的研究贡献。

• Born February 26, 1922, New York, NY

• Married, two children

• BSS College of the City of New York, 1942

• Ph.D University of London, 1949

• 1942-1943 and 1946: Junior Economist, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

• 1947-49: Assistant Lecturer, London School of Economics

• 1949-92: Professor of Economics, Princeton University

• 1992-current: Senior Research Economist and Professor of Economics, Emeritus, Princeton University

• 1971-current: Professor of Economics and Director, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University

鲍莫尔签名

　　He was initially denied entry to the doctoral studies at the London School of Economics and was instead admitted to the Master's program. After witnessing his debating skills at Lord Lionel Robbins' seminars, he was within weeks switched to the doctoral program and also admitted to the faculty as an Assistant Lecturer. His Ph.D. oral exam lasted five hours.

　　While a professor at Princeton University, some of his graduate students would eventually become very well-known economists, including Gary Becker, Burton Malkiel, William Bowen, and Harold Tafler Shapiro.

　　Among his better-known contributions are the theory of contestable markets, the Baumol-Tobin model of transactions demand for money, Baumol's cost disease, which discusses the rising costs associated with service industries, Baumol’s sales revenue maximization model[7] and Pigou taxes.[8][9] His research on environmental economics recognized the fundamental role of non-convexities in causing market failures.

　　William Baumol was also a major contributor to the transformation of the field of finance, and published contributions to the areas of efficiency of capital markets, portfolio theory, and capital budgeting.

　　Entrepreneurship

　　The place of the disharmony-creating and idiosyncratic entrepreneur in traditional economic theory (which describes many efficiency-based ratios assuming uniform outputs) presents theoretic quandaries. William Baumol has added greatly to this area of economic theory. The 2006 Annual Meetings of the American Economic Association held a special session in his name, and honoring his many years of work in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation, where 12 papers on entrepreneurship were presented.

　　The Baumol Research Centre for Entrepreneurship Studies at Zhejiang Gongshang University is named after William Baumol.

　　In 2003, Baumol received the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research "[f]or his persistent effort to give the entrepreneur a key role in mainstream economic theory, for his theoretical and empirical studies of the nature of entrepreneurship, and for his analysis of the importance of institutions and incentives for the allocation of entrepreneurship."

　　The British magazine, The Economist published an article about William Baumol and his lifelong work to develop a place in economic theory for the entrepreneur (March 11, 2006, pp 68), much of which owes its genesis to Joseph Schumpeter. They note that traditional microeconomic theory holds a place for 'prices' and 'firms' but not for that (seemingly) important engine of innovation, the entrepreneur. Baumol is given credit for helping to remedy this shortcoming: "Thanks to Mr. Baumol's own painstaking efforts, economists now have a bit more room for entrepreneurs in their theories."

　　William Baumol's book, "The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship" is the first formal theoretical analysis of the role of innovative entrepreneurs.

• 1953 Fellow, Econometric Society

• 1957-58 Guggenheim Fellow

• 1960-70 Trustee, Rider College

• 1965 Honorary LL.D, Rider College (Trustee Emeritus)

• 1965-66 Ford Faculty Fellowship

• 1970 Honorary Fellow, London School of Economics

• 1971 Honorary Doctorate, Stockholm School of Economics

• 1973 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Knox College

• 1973 Honorary Doctorate, University of Basel

• 1975 John R. Commons Award, Omicron Delta Epsilon

• 1975 Townsend Harris Medal, Alumni Association of the City College of New York

• 1982 Distinguished Fellow, American Economic Association

• 1984 Distinguished Member, Economic Association of Puerto Rico

• 1986 Winner, Assoc. of American Publishers Award for Best Book in Business, Management and Economics, Superfairness: Applications and Theory

• 1987 Recipient, Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy

• 1988 Joseph Douglas Green 1895 Professor of Economics, Princeton University

• 1989 Winner, Assoc. of Am. Publishers Annual Awards for Excellence in Publishing, Honorable Mention in Social Sciences, Productivity and American Leadership: The Long View

• 1992 Recipient, First Senior Scholar in the Arts and Sciences Award, New York University

• 1996 Honorary Degree, University of Limburg, Maastricht, Holland

• 1996 Honorary Professorship, University of Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina

• Member, Committee to set up the Don Patinkin School of Economics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

• Chairman, Harvard University Visiting Committee, Dept. of Economics, 1995

• Member, American Philosophical Society

• Member, Advisory Board, Insurance Information Institute Press

• Chairman, Overseers' Committee to Visit the Dept. of Economics, Harvard University

• Member, Advisory Board, Journal of Economic Perspectives

• Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Cultural Economics

• Principal Investigator, Students at Risk Comm., Inst. for Education & Social Policy

• Member, Advisory Committee, World Resources Institute (founding member)

• Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Supreme Court Economic Review

• Member, Board of Trustees, Joint Council on Economic Education

• Member, Advisory Committee, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Graduate School of Business Administration, New York University

• Member, Board of Directors, Theater Development Fund

• Member, National Science Foundation review panel for Science and Technology Research Centers

• Member, Advisory Board, Fishman-Davidson Center for the Study of the Service Sector, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania

• Member, National Academy of Sciences

• Correspondent, Committee on Human Rights, National Academy of Sciences

• Member, Committee on the National Institute for the Environment, National Academy of Sciences

• Member, Board of Consultants, Economia, Revista Quadrimestral (Portugal)

• Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

• Member, Executive Committee, V.P. (1966-67), American Economic Association

• Past President, American Economic Association (1981), Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (1979), Eastern Economic Association (1978-79), Atlantic Economic Society (1985)

• Past Chairman and Member, Economic Policy Council, State of New Jersey (1967-75)

• Past Vice President, American Association of University Professors

• Past Vice President, AAUP (1968-70) and Chairman, Committee on Economic Status of the Profession (1962-70)

• Various times on Boards of Editors for American Economic Review, Kyklos, Journal of Economic Literature, Management Science, Economic Notes (Italy), Journal of Economic Education, Impresa e Concorrenza (Italy) THESIS: Theory and History of Economic and Social Institutions and Structures (USSR)

• Director, Consultants in Industry Economics, Inc.

• Frequent consultant to government and industry, in U.S. and many other countries.

• Economic Dynamics (with R. Turvey), 1951, 1959, 1970

• Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State, 1952, 1965.

• Economic Processes and Policies (with L.V. Chandler), 1954

• Business Behavior, Value and Growth, 1959, 1966

• What Price Economic Growth?, (with Klaus Knorr), 1961

• Economic Theory and Operations Analysis, 1961, 1965, 1972, 1976

• The Stock Market and Economic Efficiency, 1965

• Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma (with W.G. Bowen), 1966

• Precursors in Mathematical Economics: An Anthology (with S.M. Goldfeld), 1968

• Portfolio Theory: The Selection of Asset Combinations, 1970

• Economics of Academic Libraries (with M. Marcus), 1973

• The Theory of Environmental Policy (with W.E. Oates), 1975, 1988

• Selected Economic Writings of William J. Baumol, E.E. Bailey, ed., 1976

• Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Quality of Life (with W.E. Oates and S.A. Batey Blackman), 1979

• Economics: Principles and Policy (with A.S. Blinder), 1979, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1991 and 1994

• Public and Private Enterprise in a Mixed Economy (editor), 1980.

• Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure (with R.D. Willig and J.C. Panzar), 1982, 1987

• Inflation and the Performing Arts (editor with H. Baumol), 1984

• Productivity Growth and U.S. Competitiveness (editor with K. McLennan), 1985

• Superfairness: Applications and Theory, 1986

• Microtheory: Applications and Origins, 1986

• The Information Economy and the Implications of Unbalanced Growth (with L. Osberg and E.N. Wolff), 1989

• Productivity and American Leadership: The Long View (with S.A. Batey Blackman and E.N. Wolff), 1989

• The Economics of Mutual Fund Markets: Competition vs. Regulation (with S.M. Goldfeld, L.A. Gordon and M.F. Koehn), 1990

• Perfect Markets and Easy Virtue: Business Ethics and the Invisible Hand (with S.A. Batey Blackman), 1991

• Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs, 1993

• Toward Competition in Local Telephony (with Gregory Sidak), 1994

• Convergence of Productivity: Cross-National Studies and Historical Evidence (ed. with R.R. Nelson & E.N. Wolff), 1994

• Transmission Pricing and Stranded Costs in the Electric Power Industry (with Gregory Sidak), 1995

• Assessing Educational Practices: The Contribution of Economics (ed. with W.E. Becker), 1995

• Microeconomics: Principles and Policy (ed. with A.S. Blinder), 1996

• Plus some 400 articles published in professional journals.