MRO管理
出自 MBA智库百科(https://wiki.mbalib.com/)
MRO管理(Maintenance、Repair and Operations,维护、维修和运营)
目录 |
MRO,是英文Maintenance、Repair and Operations三个词的缩写,指工厂或企业对其生产和工作设施、设备进行保养、维修,保证其运行所需要的非生产性物料,这些物料可能是用于设备保养、维修的备品备件,也可能是保证企业正常运行的相关设备,耗材等物资。
Maintenance, repair and operations or maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) is fixing any sort of mechanical or electrical device should it become out of order or broken (repair) as well as performing the routine actions which keep the device in working order (maintenance) or prevent trouble from arising (preventive maintenance). In everyday usage, the term MRO is usually associated with aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul. While most companies in the aircraft MRO space are small, location specific operations, the large airlines like Singapore Airlines, Lufthansa, Aeroflot etc. have separate business units to service their own equipment.
The MRO business is seeing a major boom with the emergence of international carriers and private aviation in Asia. The MRO business in India alone is expected to grow to $45Bn from the current $0.5Bn in the next decade.
All actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision actions.[1]
In telecommunication, and engineering in general, the term maintenance has the following meanings:
1. Any activity – such as tests, measurements, replacements, adjustments and repairs — intended to retain or restore a functional unit in or to a specified state in which the unit can perform its required functions.
2. For material — all action taken to retain material in a serviceable condition or to restore it to serviceability. It includes inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair, rebuilding, and reclamation.
3. For material — all supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its mission.
4. For material — the routine recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building, structure, ground facility, utility system, or other real property) in such condition that it may be continuously used, at its original or designed capacity and efficiency for its intended purpose.
Manufacturers and Industrial Supply Companies often refer to MRO as opposed to Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM). OEM includes any activity related to the direct manufacture of goods, where MRO refers to any maintenance and repair activity to keep a manufacturing plant running.
Industrial supply companies can generally be sorted into two types:
- the ones who cater to the MRO market generally carry a broad range of items such as fasteners, conveyors, cleaning goods, plumbing, and tools to keep a plant running.
- OEM supply companies generally provide a smaller range of goods in much larger quantities with much lower prices, selling materials that will be regularly consumed in the manufacturing process to create the finished item.
In many organizations because of the number of devices or products that need to be maintained or the complexity of systems, there is a need to manage the information with software packages. This is particularly the case in aerospace (e.g. airline fleets), military installations, large plants (e.g. manufacturing, power generation, petrochemical) and ships.
These software tools help engineers and technicians in increasing the availability of systems and reducing costs and repair times as well as reducing material supply time and increasing material availability by improving supply chain communication.
As MRO involves working with an organization’s products, resources, suppliers and customers, MRO packages have to interface with many enterprise business software systems (PLM,EAM, ERP, SCM, CRM).
One of the functions of such software is the configuration of bills of materials or BOMs, taking the component parts list from engineering (eBOM) and manufacturing (mBOM) and updating it from “as delivered” through “as maintained” to “as used”.
Another function is project planning logistics, for example identifying the critical path on the list of tasks to be carried out (inspection, diagnosis, locate/order parts and service) to calculate turnaround times (TAT).
Other tasks that software can perform:
- Planning operations,
- Managing execution of events,
- Management of assets (parts, tools and equipment inventories),
- Knowledge-base data on:
- Maintenance service history,
- Serial numbered parts,
- Reliability data: MTBF (mean time between failures), MTTB (mean time to breakdown), MTBR (mean time between removals),
- Maintenance and repair documentation and best practices,
- Warranty/guarantee documents.
Many of these tasks are addressed in Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS). Data standards have been developed around these activities, most notably EAMXML and MIMOSA
中国MRO的采购及管理存在众多的问题。当然对中国MRO的采购与管理首先可找到市场的原因,比如,MRO供应市场比较分散,还远未形成规模。MRO供应商规模小,品种少,管理不规范,资金缺乏,网络、渠道不多,不能提供多少增值的服务等等。纵然如此,我们也不能否认企业在MRO的采购和管理上存在的问题:
(1)企业将主要注意力集中在直接性生产物料的采购上,MRO采购并未得到充分有效的重视和管理;
(2)企业MRO采购行为往往分散在不同的职能部门,集中管理实现程度较差,部门间沟通不流畅,导致工作量的加大和潜在的采购错误风险;
(3)采购部门管理设置和人员配置存在问题,采购人员缺乏足够的专业知识,常常需要相关部门的协助才能确定物料规格型号、缺乏对采购成本和风险的科学认识等;
(4)大多制造企业备件品种多、采购批量小、消耗低且无规律,大部分备件只能从市场上众多的零售商采购,造成备件质量无法保证,严重影响企业的正常生产;
(5)由于企业对设备维护和维修计划性不强,而且不很关注历史数据的发掘和需求的预测,导致不确定的提前期和不合理的库存;
(6)缺乏对供应商的战略管理。据调查估计,备件采购花费制造企业采购部门约80%的精力,但采购金额却只占企业采购金额的10%左右。而且采购人员的精力主要花在采购业务的具体运作上,根本谈不上对供应商的战略管理,甚至有的企业连自己到底有多少家供应商都不清楚。
市场竞争只会是越来越激烈,在企业降低自身生产成本的强烈愿望下,MRO管理正在悄然地发生着变化,这表现在不同层面的活动之中。
(1)企业内部的优化管理
曾经,某大型钢铁公司的备件采购管理实行的是设备处与二级生产厂的二级核算管理方式,彼此责任不够明确,重复核算,工作效率低下。后来,该公司对设备备件采购实行一级核算、集中统一管理,理顺了备件采购管理职能,强化了采购资金管理,提高了资金使用效率。
(2)区域性企业间及与供应商的合作
兰州铝业下属炭素厂的吸残称设备,由于变频器的突然故障,造成电机无法启动,使得整个高楼部系统生产线无法正常生产。而吸残称是德国申克公司的产品,与之配套的变频器虽为西门子产品,但是西门子公司为申克公司专门生产的,属非通用件。该厂与申克公司和多家供应商进行了联系,了解到全国范围内无此货,从外商处订货时间过长,需3个月的时间。于是他们遂与甘肃一家技术实力较强的供应商及青海桥头铝业获得联系,最终调配到此备件,解决了技术问题,使生产得以恢复。由此,西北地区的铝业公司认识到,它们之间必要联合起来,互通有无,并与供应商建立战略伙伴关系,才能进一步有效地降低库存,达到增效益、降成本的目的。
(3)全国范围内MRO上战略协作
广州珠钢曾举行过中国CSP工厂设备备件、维护技术讨论会。会议聚集了广州珠钢、邯钢、包钢和西门子的设备管理人员,讨论并签订CSP备件互换及支持协议。鉴于三家钢铁公司各自已投产的三条CSP生产线有部分设备的备件可以互换,为确保CSP生产线设备运行与维修的正常进行,有效降低备件库存,降低流动资金占用率,经三家钢铁公司协商,就备件相互拆借、维修技术支持、备件分工库存等方面达成协议;且在查清各公司库存清单后,对于不常损坏、价值比较高的进口备件按协议分工进行储备。
上述不同层面的MRO管理优化和合作,主要集中在生产企业之间。未来,将向更高的形态迈进,即单个企业或企业群与MRO渠道集成供应商的战略合作。事实上,企业都认识到这种战略合作的重要性和必要性。这就为在中国的MRO渠道集成供应商提供了成长、发展的市场空间。
总部设在美国宾州的SDI公司是一家MRO渠道集成供应商,其业务包括各种MRO的采购、接收和供应,以及存货的控制和管理等。该公司按照工厂的要求为它们提供金属加工、设备维修和其他一些生产用物料,年采购额大概在530万美元左右。作为一体化采购供应合同的一部分,SDI公司还使用自家的计算机系统管理工厂的工具库。要保证在工具仓库领料窗口的交付满足率达到98%并不是一件容易的事情,因为,面对6万个存储单元,稍不注意就会造成缺货。在工具库的领料窗口,SDI的雇员帮助工厂的人处理领料申请,并直接把所需物料送到使用的地方。
另一家MRO 渠道集成商Graybar公司专注于炼油厂的MRO供应,它所提供的采购管理增值服务有:努力帮助客户识别用量大的产品以寄销存货的方式来保证供应(包括大约500种电工器材),并在存货控制和满足供应方面取得了令人满意的平衡;保证客户能够及时了解各个炼油厂有关电工器材的采购支出情况;与产品的制造商一起设法保持产品价格的竞争性并为炼油厂引进专业技术支持,如邀请电工器材产品制造商到炼油厂专门就有关产品的技术问题开展培训。
概括渠道集成商的产品与服务,可以包括以下方面:低成本、高质量的MRO(渠道集成);快速的物流配送网络;咨询服务,优化企业的仓储管理,提供新产品信息和产品应用方案;在整个供应链上企业的MRO供应的整体集成和优化。
以前有一位总经理说过,管理MRO采购的最好方法就是拥有尽可能多的供应商,以便于压价。这种传统的思维方法已经不再适用于现代基于供应链管理的模式。只有更多的业务或职能(不仅MRO采购)借助于专业化公司,我们才能更好地专注和提升自身核心能力。因此,我们才会看到,MRO渠道集成供应商悄悄向我们走来,并逐渐为人们所关注:西域机电(EHSY.com)作为较早在中国地区开拓MRO供应服务的供应商,基于电子商务方式,为企业提供一站式采购服务。它在获得风投融资后,准备着它的飞速成长;具有政府背景的万博港,在湖南长沙、株洲、湘潭三地建立了工业品大型连锁超市,正携巨资走向全国连锁;去年下半年北美MRO分销第一巨头,固安捷正式落户上海,进入中国市场,开始了它雄心勃勃的中国计划。
可以相信的是,中国巨大、成长的MRO市场,会有更多的MRO渠道集成供应商进入中国市场,纵横捭阖,快速发展。对于它们,我们看到的可能只是它们大规模的旗舰店,统一规范的服务,而其背后支撑的其强大的物流体系、技术服务系统,这才是其最核心的部分。MRO分销行业悄然崛起,也为中国的企业带来更多的价值。
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