時間價值圖

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時間價值圖(Time Value Map)

　　時間價值圖(Time Value Map)是一種用時間表達的特殊價值圖。是6西格瑪方法中的一種工具。

　　⑴以具體的圖象說明流程中機智與非價值時間;

　　⑵相較於價值圖，時間價值圖更能掌握整體周期時間。

　　⑴判定流程周期時間;

　　⑵判定步驟之間的等候時間(延遲)及執行每項工作所需的價值時間;

　　⑶畫出一個時間軸,並將總流程時間等分成單位時間;

　　⑷將流程中的步驟與延遲依發生順序標示在圖上,並以不同的區塊標示時間;

　　⑸畫出反饋的迴圈(Feedback Loop),並標出輸出百分比(Yield Percentage);

　　⑹價值所使用的時間。

　　A Time Value Map is a tool used in Lean and Six Sigma methodology. It tracks a work item through its process and tracks where it spends its time. It follows the product from raw material to output into the customer's hands to determine where it spends valuable time and where waste time can be eliminated. To better understand what this means, we must first explore both Lean and Six Sigma a little.

　　One of the primary goals of the Lean Six Sigma project management methodology is the elimination and reduction of waste. There are different types of waste in the Six Sigma terminology. These seven types of waste are:

• Overproduction - occurs when a product is made without a buyer
• Waiting - occurs when a product sits in waiting for processing
• Transport - occurs when a product is moved to many different places
• Inventory - occurs when a product is stored and it costs money
• Over-processing - occurs when a step in the process is unnecessary or redundant
• Motion - occurs when people move excessively
• Defects - occurs when an error in the process occurs

　　Companies that wish to save money and resources do well to reduce waste in their processes. The reason a time value map is so crucial to project management is that it allows identification of areas of waste.

　　The first step in creating a time value map is selecting which work item's process to track. Perhaps the work item hasn't been completed quickly enough in the past, or customer complains have led you to determine that it needs tracking. Whatever the reasoning behind selecting a particular work item, make sure that everyone is clear on what is going to be tracked.

　　Second, you will be tracking the work item in three categories:

• value-added activity
• unavoidable waste
• avoidable waste

　　A value-added activity is one which adds value to the end product. It is titled value-added because the customer or end-client user is the one that places the value on the product or service you are providing. Unavoidable waste is just like it sounds. It is waste that is an unavoidable part of the business process that the customer is not paying for. Avoidable waste includes things like delayed starts, too many people handling the product, or mistakes that are made.

　　Draw the Time Value Map

　　Now that you know the three categories, you can track each of the activities involved in the work process. You will need to track each activity involved in the work item's process and the time it takes to complete the activity.

　　Once you have the data, you can make your time value map. The map will look very much like the one to the left, created by Dylan Jones for the article "Lean Techniques to Help Your Data Quality Improvement Initiative."

　　The center line is the timeline for the entirety of your project's duration. Above this line, you will chart the activities that are value-added work at the appropriate time on the time line. Below the timeline, you will track the waste. The creator of the chart used two different colors to differentiate between unavoidable and avoidable waste.

　　Finally, once you have a visualization of the time value in your project, you can begin to eliminate areas of waste and improve the quality and speed of your work item process.

　　案例：資金時間價值圖

　　如果時間價值以年表示，則“0”表示第一年初這一時間點；“1”表示第一年年末這一時間點，或表示第二年年初這一時間點；依此類推，一直到“n”，即“n”表示第n年年末這一時間點，或表示第（n+1）年年初這一時間點。在0和1之間的數軸表示第一年這一時間段；依此類推，在（n-1）和n之間的數軸表示第n年這一時間段。在時間點上發生的現金流量，如果是現金流出量，用負數或（數值）表示；如果是現金流入量，用正數表示。