美国行政管理和预算局

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美国行政管理和预算局网站网址：http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/

　　美国行政管理和预算局（Office of Management and Budget），美国总统办事机构之一，是美国总统维持对政府财政计划控制的机构。原名预算局，1970年改为现名。是协助总统编制和审核国家预算的机构。主要职责是：汇总各部门的属于联邦开支的项目及方案，进行初步研究审核然后提交总统核准；负责协助总统检查行政部门的组织机构和管理状况并向总统提出改善管理工作的建议。行政管理和预算局在最近几届总统管理的机构中，权力有逐渐增大的趋势。

　　1921年，《美国预算和会计法》规定美国总统应向美国国会提交美国年度预算，为此成立美国预算局以协助其工作。预算局设在美国财政部，但局长直接对总统负责。1939年，预算局划归总统直属机构。1970年7月，预算局合并到新成立的行政管理和预算局。该局被认为是供美国总统使用的一个最有权威的协调机构。它具有修改概算计划的权力，局长可以直接晋见总统。但是该局的权力也有一定的局限性，美国联邦政府结构的松散的点决定了它必须善于同政府各部和国会各委员会主席打交道并施加影响，而这方面只能的作用往往不取决于局长本身，而是总统的决心和所赋予该局的权力。

The largest component of the Office of Management and Budget are the four Resource Management Offices which are organized along functional lines mirroring the U.S. federal government, each led by an OMB associate director. Approximately half of all OMB staff are assigned to these offices, the majority of whom are designated as program examiners. Program examiners can be assigned to monitor one or more federal agencies or may be assigned a topical area, such as monitoring issues relating to U.S. Navy warships. These staff have dual responsibility for both management and budgetary issues, as well as responsibility for giving expert advice on all aspects relating to their programs. Each year they review federal agency budget requests and help decide what resource requests will be sent to Congress as part of the president’s budget. They perform in-depth program evaluations using the Program Assessment Rating Tool,^[1] review proposed regulations, agency testimony, analyze pending legislation, and oversee the aspects of the President's Management Agenda including agency management scorecards. They are often called upon to provide analysis information to any EOP staff member. They also provide important information to those assigned to the statutory offices within OMB, which are Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, the Office of Federal Financial Management, and the Office of E-Government whose job it is to specialize in issues such as federal regulations or procurement policy and law.

Other offices are OMB-wide support offices which include the Office of General Counsel, the Office of Legislative Affairs, the Budget Review Division (BRD), and the Legislative Reference Division. BRD performs government-wide budget coordination and is largely responsibly for the technical aspects relating to the release of the president’s budget each February. With respect to the estimation of spending for the executive branch, BRD serves a purpose parallel to that of the Congressional Budget Office for the estimation of spending for Congress, the Department of the Treasury for the estimation of revenues for the executive branch, and the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenues for Congress.

The Legislative Reference Division has the important role of being the central clearinghouse across the federal government for proposed legislation or testimony by federal officials. It distributes proposed legislation and testimony to all relevant federal reviewers and distills the comments into a consensus opinion of the Administration about the proposal. They are also responsible for writing an Enrolled Bill Memorandum to the president once a bill is presented by both bodies of Congress for the president’s signature. The Enrolled Bill Memorandum details the particulars of the bill, opinions on the bill from relevant federal departments, and an overall opinion about whether the bill should be signed into law or vetoed. They also issues Statements of Administration Policy that let Congress know the White House’s official position on proposed legislation.

The Bureau of the Budget, OMB's predecessor, was established as a part of the Department of the Treasury by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. The Bureau of the Budget was moved to the EOP in 1939, and reorganized into OMB in 1970 during the Nixon administration. The first OMB included Roy Ash (head), Paul O'Neill (assistant director), Fred Malek (deputy director) and Frank Zarb (associate director) and two dozen others. In the 1990s, OMB was reorganized to remove the distinction between management staff and budgetary staff by combining those dual roles into each given program examiner within the Resource Management Offices.^[2]

• 美国行政管理和预算局局长
• 美国行政管理和预算局副局长
• 负责行政管理的副局长
• 行政襄理局长
• 负责立法事物的襄理局长
• 负责行政的襄理局长
• 负责联络的襄理局长
• 负责经济政策的襄理局长
• 负责预算的襄理局长
• 负责国家安全和国际事务的襄理局长
• 负责人力资源的襄理局长
• 负责健康和个人的襄理局长
• 负责一般政府事务的襄理局长
• 负责立法参考的襄理局长
• 负责自然资源的襄理局长
• 负责预算分析和系统的襄理局长帮办
• 负责预算审查和概念的襄理局长帮办
• 负责国家安全处的襄理局长帮办
• 负责国际事务处的襄理局长帮办
• 负责人力资源的襄理局长帮办
• 负责健康的襄理局长帮办
• 负责退伍军人和个人事务的襄理局长帮办
• 负责运输、商业、司法和服务处的襄理局长帮办
• 负责住房、财政、金融处的襄理局长帮办
• 负责自然资源处的襄理局长帮办
• 负责能源和科学处的襄理局长帮办

• 协助总统协调政府活动，指定和管理预算计划，研究该机政府管理工作，改进会计工作，就财务立法协调各部意见。
• 协助总统编制联邦年度预算并监督预算的执行。
• 研究联邦政府的组织结构和管理程序，提出提高政府行政效率的建议。
• 制定协调政府各项工作的措施，扩大机构间的合作。
• 对政府各项工作作出评价，协助总统估价政府计划的执行情况和效率。
• 提出改革政府部门规章制度的建议和减少文书工作的计划。
• 审核拟议中的行政命令和公告，并在必要时起草这些文件。

• 《美国政府机构手册》